Computer Input Out put Device

We have discussed the memory of the computer, which works with information, and the device to store information. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. Now these information are to be fed to the computer (Input) and also, we are to get the processed information or result (output).

The primary input device is the Keyboard. It is attached to the computer through a cord in the specific port provided in the motherboard. Whenever you press any key of the keyboard and then press the Enter key an input, correct or incorrect, goes to the computer CPU. However, there are many ot her input devices – e.g. the computer can read input from the Hard disk, CD/DVD or Floppy Diskettes, Modem, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Again one computer can give input/output to another if they are connected through a ventral computer (called server) as done in LAN (Local Area Network) orby other types of networking. All these input devices, except the Keyboard, can act also as the output device to receive the results . Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi are as under.

 However, the Touch-Screen Keyboard acts as both input and output device. Amongst the out put devices we have two specific instruments – one is the Video Monitor, which constantly displays the results of processed input in the screen to monitor you through your work. It also helps you see the command, or data inputs you are giving to the computer, but not all. The other is the printer, which prints the results in paper, if you give command to the computer to do so. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

Computer Storage Device

The computer memory (i.e. brain) must remain free as far as possible for quick processing. So, Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi.  except some basic information about system configuration, like where from to receive (input) electro-magnetic pulses and where to send (output) the processed results, no other  information is stored in the ROM.

For storing information, data, program commands for logical operations, etc. many devices are available, which may be attached to the computer motherboard (and from which information can be loaded to RAM and processed as and when required by the CPU). Theses are –The Hard Disk, which is run by a Hard Disk Drive ( HDD), fitted (called mounted) to the motherboard inside the computer cabinet, and hence called non - removable disk; the CD or CD and DVD (Optical) Disk Drive fitted with the motherboard of the computer. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

where one can insert and remove CD or DVD disks, which are called removable disks, and Pen Drives which are called USB (Universal Serial Bus) mass storage device that can be attached to and removed from the USB ports of the motherboard.

 Earlier we used to have the Floppy Diskettes, which may be inserted to the Floppy Diskette Drive (FDD) for reading and writing of information. Usual size of Hard Disks now available ranges from 80 GB and above; the CD has capacity of 720 MB, DVD h as 4 GB and PEN Drives have capacity from 2 GB to 16 GB. The storage devices allow us to write data on it as well as erase data from it repeatedly (except for CDs and DVDs which are not re -writeable or RW). TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in islamabad.

Speed of Personal Computer and Classification

Over the last two decades there has been immense increase in the speed of personal computers. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. The speed of a personal computer is essentially the maximum speed at which the CPU or the processor can perform the operations.

It is measured in clock rate, which is the rate in cycles per second measured in hertz. In the older classification there were 5 types of personal computers –– the PC (8088 CPU) PC-XT(80286 CPU), PC-AT (80386, 80486, and 80586 CPU), depending upon the clock rate of the CPU manufactured, as measured in Mz (Mega hertz). Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi  are as under.

The speed of PC (8088) and PC-XT (80286), were about 4-8 Mz and 16-24 Mz respectively. In PC-AT (80386) the clock rate increased to 30-40 Mz and that of 80486 was around 60 Mz. In 80586 or Intel P5 CPU it increased to 80-100 Mz. Now we have processor with much higher clock rate ranging from 1.33 Ghz to 3.00 Ghz and above as currently manufactured by INTEL or AMD companies.

It is to be  remembered that these are the manufactured speed of the CPU. In actual work the speed realised (system speed) depends many other factors like, the operating system configuration, size of the programs, use of memory resident programs etc. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in islamabad.

Memory of Computer - ROM and RAM

We must not confuse the meaning of the term ‘Memory’ with storage. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. It is memory that works to process information. The CPU –base memory chip receives electro-magnetic pulses and processes them to generate further electro-magnetic pulses. But for processing the information in the form of electro –magnetic pulses it must have stored within itself some prior information.

That is, for example, it must be given prior information about how to recognize the sources (device) and take the input information and also must be given prior information to know where to give the output information. These information, called the BIOS or the Basic Input Output System, are written within the CPU-base memory at the time of manufacturing and cannot be erased. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

There are also other instructions stored which are necessary to optimize the function of the processor by allocating its location spaces for different types of operations. For example cache memory is used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. Hence, this memory is called the ROM (Read Only Memory), as it cannot be erased.

Besides this, to perform logical operations or processing data, some m ore space is required as computer memory where it can load the input information and perform the processing, and retain the output information until delivered. This is called the RAM (Random Access Memory), which the computer uses, when the user feeds information for operation. Every time the computer is switched off, whatever information were there in RAM get erased. But ROM information about the physical configuration of the computer remains with the support of the  motherboard battery. So, if the charge o f the motherboard battery is worn out, every time you switch on the computer you would require the computer to load the BIOS from the ROM default values. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Rawalpindi.

The Motherboard and the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A computer is truly speaking the CPU-base memory chip as the essential function of a computer, that is, processing information is done by it. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. But it cannot perform alone without input and output devices. In the present architecture of personal computer, the three essential parts of the physical configuration, namely input devices, processor, and output devices, are fitted to a board called the Motherboard.

 Besides the CPU, the motherboard also has many other slots for fitting extended memory chips, the storage device, control cards, input and output device control cards and their input output por ts (plug in points). All these are assembled and fitted to the motherboard. There is also another part called the SMPS, which transforms the voltage of electrical power supply as per requirement of various control cards. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

It should be remembered that there is also a small battery fitted to the motherboard which keeps the basic charge necessary for keeping some system information within the CPU –base memory, even when we switch off the power supply. In desktop computer all these are kept inside the Computer Cabinet – now available in the form of Tower Casing for the desktop. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.